Edición de «Apodo»

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[[Archivo:Why London Underground is nicknamed The Tube.jpg|thumb|Al [[Metro de Londres]] se le apoda coloquialmente ''The Tube'' (El Tubo).]]

Un '''apodo''' (también llamado '''[[alias]]''', '''sobrenombre''', '''seudónimo''' o '''pseudónimo''') es un nombre que se le da a una persona u objeto que generalmente alude a una característica o peculiaridad suya, inspirado en sus defectos corporales o en alguna otra característica o circunstancia.<ref>«apodo»: ''Diccionario de la lengua española''. Real Academia Española.</ref><ref>https://etimologias.dechile.net/?alias</ref><ref>https://etimologias.dechile.net/?sobrenombre</ref><ref>http://etimologias.dechile.net/?apodo#:~:text=La%20palabra%20%22apodo%22%20nos%20llega</ref>

Los apodos no son exactamente lo mismo que los [[hipocorísticos]]: estos son las formas familiares o afectuosas de los nombres propios de las personas (por ejemplo, Pancho es un hipocorístico de Francisco).

Los apodos pueden considerarse a menudo como deseables, y pueden simbolizar una manera de aceptación, pero también pueden utilizarse con objeto de denigración, ridiculización o burla.

== Etimología ==
El término «apodo» proviene del [[latín]] ''apputare'' (‘evaluar’ o ‘comparar’), y se utilizaba para dar nombre a objetos que posteriormente se comercializarían o compararían.<ref>{{cita web|título=Etimología de “apodo”|url=http://etimologias.dechile.net/?apodo|fechaacceso=25 de mayo de 2013|obra=etimologías.dechile.net}}</ref>
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==Uses in various societies==
In [[Viking]] societies, many people had nicknames ''heiti'', ''viðrnefni'', or ''uppnefni'' which were used in addition to, or instead of their family names. In some circumstances the giving of a nickname had a special status in Viking society in that it created a relationship between the name maker and the recipient of the nickname, to the extent that the creation of a nickname also often entailed a formal [[ceremony]] and an [[gift exchange|exchange of gifts]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Slaves have often used nicknames, so that the master who heard about someone doing something could not identify the slave. In [[capoeira]], a Brazilian martial art, the slaves had nicknames to protect them from being caught, as practicing capoeira was illegal for decades.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

In Anglo-American culture, a nickname is often based on a shortening of a person's proper name, a ''diminutive''. However, in other societies, this may not necessarily the case.

In [[Indian culture|Indian]] society, for example, generally people have at least one nickname (''call name'' or ''affection name'') and these affection names are generally not related to the person's proper name. Indian nicknames very often are a trivial word or a ''diminutive'' (such as ''Bablu'', ''Dabbu'', ''Banti'', ''Babli'', ''Gudiya'', ''Golu'', ''Sonu'', ''Chhotu'', ''Raju'', ''Adi'', ''Ritu'', etc.).

In [[Indonesia]], nicknames are often considered more polite and affectionate, especially when the real name exceeds two syllables.  Former Indonesian presidents [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] and [[Achmed Sukarno]] were usually called 'Gus Dur' and 'Bung Karno', respectively.

In Australian society, Australian men will often give ironic nicknames. For example, a man with [[red hair]] will get the nickname 'Bluey'.

==Performing arts==
Many writers, performing artists, and actors have nicknames, which may develop into a [[stage name]] or [[pseudonym]]. A [[bardic name]] may also result from a nickname. Many writers have pen names which they use instead of their real names. Famous writers with a [[pen name]] include [[Voltaire]], [[Molière]], [[George Sand]], [[Lewis Carroll]], [[Mark Twain]], [[George Orwell]], [[Dr. Seuss]], and [[Lemony Snicket]].

==Nicknames for people==
[[Image:Carter-inauguration-large.jpg|thumb|right|220px|"I, Jimmy Carter..." [[Jimmy Carter|James Earl Carter]] is sworn in as President of the United States using his nickname "Jimmy".]]

Nicknames are usually awarded to, not chosen by the recipient.
Nicknames may be based on a person's name or various attributes. Attributes upon which a nickname may be based include:

===Title===
They may refer to a person's occupation, social standing, or title. They may also refer to characterists of a person.

* "[[Bones (disambiguation)#Fictional characters|Bones]]" for a [[Temperance Brennan (Bones)|forensic scientist]], [[Leonard McCoy|surgeon]], or [[mortician]]
* "Sawbones" for a [[surgeon]].
* "[[DOC (disambiguation)#People|Doc]]" for a doctor.
* "[[Sparky (disambiguation)|Sparky]]" for an [[electrician]]
* "[[Sarge (disambiguation)|Sarge]]" for a military [[Sergeant]] as in the comic strip [[Beetle Bailey]]
* "Lou" for a Lieutenant (for example, a police lieutenant)
* Similarly, "Chief" for a police or fire chief
* [[Moneybags]] for a wealthy person.
* [[Genius]] or brains for some one at school who is believed to be a clever person, although it should be said that "genius" in this colloquial sense is not the same as the technical use of the term "genius" in [[psychology]].
* [[Gerald]] Short for Jared.

===Physical characteristics, personality, or lifestyle===
====Physical characteristics====
[[Archivo:Weimaraner wb.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The [[Weimaraner]]'s coat color led to its nickname of the "Silver Ghost".]]
Nicknames can be a descriptor of a physical characteristic, or the opposite of a physical characteristic. It should be noted that in English, such nicknames are often considered offensive or [[derogatory]], unless the nickname is based on a trait that is viewed positively.
Some examples of nicknames related to physical characteristics include:
*Weight: "Fatso" or "Slim" for a person who is [[overweight]] or   thin.
*Height: "Beanpole" or "Short Fry" for a person who is tall or short.
*Hair colour: "Red", "Ginger", or "Bluey" for a person with red hair. "Blondie" a girl with blonde hair.
*Type of hair: "Curley" or "Cue Ball" for a person without hair as in "Curley" from "[[The Three Stooges]]"
*Skin Colour: "Pinky" for a person with [[Rosacea]]

Sometimes nicknames are based on things that alter a person's physical appearance. Such nicknames can be temporary. 
* "Four-eyes" for a person with [[glasses]]
* "[[rail tracks|Train tracks]]", "tin teeth", or "braceface" for a person with [[dental braces|braces]], such as Sharon Spitz on the animated series ''[[Braceface]]''
* "Zit" can be a name for someone with [[acne|pimples]].
All of the above examples would be offensive in most contexts.

====Personality====

Nicknames can be a descriptor of a personality characteristic, or the opposite of a personality characteristic. These types of nicknames were often used in fairy tales such as "[[Snow White]]". Sometimes such nicknames may be indicative of a physical disorder.
* Talkative:"Motormouth","Chatterbox","Ratchet-Jaw"
* Cautious: "Nervous Nellie"
* Tired Demeanor: "Sleepy" as in a dwarf from [[Snow White]]
* Pessimistic: "Sad Sack"

====Mental characteristics====
A nickname may allude to a person's apparent [[intelligence]] (though often used sarcastically):
* Encyclopedia, as in [[Donald Sobol]]'s fictional child detective [[Encyclopedia Brown|Leroy "Encyclopedia" Brown]]
* [[Einstein]], referring to the famous physicist.
* Sherlock, in reference to [[Arthur Conan Doyle|A. C. Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]].
* [[Brainiac (comics)|Brainiac]], as in the fictional [[DC Comics]] character.
*[[Dopey (disambiguation)|Dopey]], as in the dwarf from [[Snow White]]
====Lifestyle====
*Promiscuity: "Hot Lips" as in the character "[[Margaret Houlihan]]" from the novel [[MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors]].

===Social group===
[[Archivo:Mallon-Mary 01.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Mary Mallon]] (1870–1938) was nicknamed "Typhoid Mary"]]
Sometimes an adjective can become a nickname for a member of a [[social group]] that shares a given name with another member of the same group. For example, to differentiate two tennis partners with the same name from each other, the more junior tennis buddy may be given a differentiated name or "nickname". This is, and never will be able to be chosen or even debated by the recipient. It simply is.....allocated. Paul number two in a team may be designated a name starting with the first letter of his surname. E.G.: Paul Haworth may be designated "Harry" and so on.
It is a differentiator and not a statement.
* "Gay Anthony" or "Little Jake"
* In a department with two professors with the initial and last name Liu, they may be referred to as "Important Liu" and "Adjunct Liu".

===Abbreviation or modification===
A nickname can be a [[abbreviation|shortened]] or modified variation on a person's real name.
* [[Contraction (grammar)|Contraction]]s of longer names: Margaret to [[Greta (disambiguation)|Greta]].
*[[Initials]] using the first letters of a person's first and last name.
* Dropping a Letter: With many nicknames a letter, usually R, is dropped: [[Fanny (given name)|Fanny]] from Francis, [[Walt (disambiguation)|Walt]] from Walter.
* Phonetic Spelling : Sometimes a nickname is created through the phonetic spelling of a name Len from Leonard.
* Letter Swapping: During the [[middle ages]], the letter R would often be swapped for either L or D: [[Hal (disambiguation)|Hal]] from Harry, [[Molly (name)|Molly]] from Mary, [[Sadie (disambiguation)|Sadie]] from Sarah, [[Robert]]: Hob, Dob, Rob, Bob and Nob, from [[Richard]]: Rick, Dick, and Hick; Bill from [[William (name)|Will]] (which in turn comes from William), and Peg from Meg (which is derived from Margaret).
* In the 19th century, frontier America, Mary and Molly were often given the nickname [[Polly (disambiguation)|Polly]].
===Name portions===
* Front of name:Sometimes a nickname can come from the front: [[Chris]] from Christopher/Christine, [[Ed (disambiguation)#Ed (or ED) as a name|Ed]] from Edward/Edmond/Edgar/Edwin, [[IZ (disambiguation)|Iz]] or Izzy from Isaac/Isaiah/Isidore/Izale/Isabel/Isabella, [[Joe (disambiguation)|Joe]] or Jo from Joseph/Josephine/Joanna, Marge from Margaret, Nick from [[Nicholas]], Peg from Peggy, Sam from Samuel/Samantha/Samson
* End of Name: Drew from Andrew, Xander from Alexander, Eth from Kenneth, Topher from [[Christopher (given name)|Christopher]], Beth from Elizabeth
* Middle of Name: Liz from Elizabeth or Del/Della from Adelaide
* Addition of Diminutives to Names:Before the 17th century, most nicknames had the diminutive ending "in" or "Kin", where the ending is attached to the first syllable: Watkin/Walter/Wat-kin Hobkin/Robert/Hob-kin or Thompkin/Thomas/Thom-Kin. While most of these have died away, a few remain such as [[Robin (name)|Robin]] (Rob-in, from Robert), [[Hank]] (Hen-Kin from Henry), [[Jack (disambiguation)|Jack]] (Jan-kin from John), and [[Colin (given name)|Colin]] (Col-in from Nicolas).
* Many nicknames usually drop the final one or two letters and add ether ie/ee/y as an ending: Davy from David, Charlie from Charles, Danny/Dani/Danie from Daniel/Danielle and Jimmy from James
* In some cases, another name may be used as a nickname.
* [[Acronym and initialism|Initialization]], which forms a nickname from a person's initials: [[A.C. Slater]] from Albert Clifford Slater
* Nicknames are sometimes based on a person's last name ("Tommo" for Bill Thompson) or a combination of first and last name ("[[Droopy]]" for Andrew Peterson, or "A-Rod" for [[Alex Rodriguez]])
* Loose ties to a person's name with an attached suffix: Gazza for English footballer [[Paul Gascoigne]] (though used more widely in Australia for [[Gary (given name)|Gary]]) and similar "zza" forms ([[Michael Heseltine|Hezza]], [[John Prescott|Prezza]], etc.) for other prominent personalities whose activities are frequently reported in the British press. (See also [[Oxford "-er"]] for a similar but wider phenomenon.)
* Combination of first and middle name, or variations of a person's first and middle name. For example, a person may have the name Mary Elizabeth but has the nickname "Maz" or "Miz" by combining Mary and Liz.

===Relationship===
They may refer to the relationship with the person. This is a [[term of endearment]].
* In [[Japanese culture]], [[Japanese honorifics]] are designed so that a term of endearment conveys the exact status of the relationship between two people. However, the recipient of the honorific is allowed to restrict the use when used by a certain person.

===Surname===
To avoid confusion between peer groups with the same given names, surnames may be used.

===Family===
A nickname can be used to distinguish members of the same family sharing the same name from one another. This has several common patterns among sons named for fathers:
* The first bearer of the name can be referred to as [[Junior (suffix)|Senior]], [[Father|Daddy]] or have "Big", or "Older" placed in front of his given name, as in "Big Pete", or "Older Pete".
* A son named after his father (but not after his grandfather) is often referred to as [[Junior (suffix)|Junior]], Chip (also a diminutive of Charles, but in this case in reference to "a chip off the old block"), Skip, Sonny, Bud, Buddy, or Deuce. Skip can also refer to a man named after his paternal grandfather, implying that the name "skipped" a [[generation]]. Another common, but much less popular nickname for a son named after his father is having "Little" placed in front of his name, as in "[[Little Pete]]", though this tends to be avoided if possible (especially if the son happens to become physically bigger than the father he's named after, and/or when the son becomes a full grown adult, regardless of if he does, or doesn't physically outgrow the father he shares a name with), due to its unpopularity with most sons who share the same name with their fathers. Likewise, a similar, and more acceptable form of this kind of nickname is to have "Younger" placed in front of the son's name instead, as in "Younger Pete".
* The third generation carrying a name (usually with III after his name) is often referred to as Trey, Tripp, or Trip (from [[Jr.|Triple]]). Skip also is a frequently used nickname for "thirds" because they "skipped" being a "Junior".
* The fourth generation carrying a name (usually with IV after his name) may be referred to as Ivy, (as in IV) Quad, Quadry, or Dru (from [[Quadruple (disambiguation)|Quadruple]]).
* The fifth generation carrying a name (usually with V after his name) may be referred to as Quint, Quince, Quincy, or Quinton (from [[Quintuple]]).

===Action/incident===
It may relate to a specific incident or action.
* [[Capability Brown]] was so called because he used the word "capability" instead of "possibility".
* [[Ali Hassan al-Majid|Chemical Ali]] and [[Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf|Comical Ali]].
* [[Thirteen (House)|Thirteen]] for Dr. Remy Hadley from TV's ''[[House MD]]'', because she was assigned the number 13 in her job interview process and continued to be called by her number even after she was hired.
* "Opa" for the Dutch lifesaving [[Koninklijke Nederlandse Redding Maatschappij|KNRM]]-[[folk hero|hero]] [[Dorus Rijkers]]. Dorus became a [[Grandfather|Grandpa]] (Dutch:''Opa''), at the age of 23 (by marriage to a widow with eight children), and soon everybody called him ''Opa''.
* "[[The Falling Man]]" for one of the jumpers during the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorrist attacks.

===Famous/fictional character===
It may compare the person with a famous or fictional character.
* [[Napoleon]] or [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] for someone with a [[dictatorial]] manner.
* [[Pollyanna]] for someone with a very [[optimistic]] view of things.
* Hawkeye as in [[Hawkeye Pierce]] for someone who can make light of a most devastating situation, from the TV series ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]''

===Place of origin/residence===
It may be related to their [[place of origin]] or [[home|residence]].
* Gloucester, Paul from Gloucester or PFG for someone named Paul who comes from [[Gloucester]].
* Newf or Newfie a person from [[Newfoundland, Canada|Newfoundland]],Canada

===Reputation===
It may be derived from or related to what the person is well known for.
* The Duke for [[John Wayne]]
* The Angel of Death for [[Josef Mengele]]
* The Hangman, The Blonde Beast for [[Reinhard Heydrich]]

===Affiliation===
It may refer to a person's [[political affiliation]].
* Dipper for a member of Canada's [[New Democratic Party]].
* [[Tory]] for a person affiliated with the [[Conservative Party (UK)|United Kingdom]]'s or Canada's [[Canadian conservatism|Conservative]] Party.

===Unique===
A famous person's nickname may be unique to them:
* Tippecanoe for [[William Henry Harrison]]
* Dubya for [[George W. Bush]], a Texan pronunciation of the name of the letter 'W', President Bush's middle initial.

==Nicknames of geographical places==
[[Archivo:Hirakata Nickname road Ginkgo street.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan. Nickname road "[[Ginkgo|Gingko street]]"]] 
Many geographic places adopt nicknames because they can help in establishing a civic identity, help outsiders recognize a community or attract people to a community because of its nickname, promote civic pride, and build community unity.<ref name=Wisconsin>Muench, David [http://www.uwex.edu/ces/cced/economies/communityindicators/communityslogans.pdf "Wisconsin Community Slogans: Their Use and Local Impacts"], December 1993. Retrieved April 10, 2007.</ref> Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth"<ref name=Branding/> are also believed to have economic value.<ref name=Wisconsin /> Their economic value is difficult to measure,<ref name=Wisconsin /> but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans.<ref name=Branding>Alfredo Andia, [http://www.monu.org/monu7/Branding.pdf Branding the Generic City :)], MU.DOT magazine, September 10, 2007</ref>

== Collective nicknames of inhabitants of a geographical place ==
Besides or replacing the [[demonym]], some cities and villages have collective nicknames for their inhabitants. This tradition is still strong nowadays in [[Wallonia]] (Belgium), where this sort of nickname is referred to in French as "[[Blason populaire]]". -->

== Véase también ==
* [[alias]]
* [[heterónimo]]
* [[hipocorístico]]

== Referencias ==
{{listaref}}

== Enlaces externos ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{RAE|apodo}}

{{traducido ref|en|Nickname}}
{{Control de autoridades}}

[[Categoría:Apodos| ]]